The ‎'‎long nineteenth century‎'‎ ‎(‎1776‎-1914‎)‎ was a period of political‎,‎ economic‎,‎ military and cultural revolutions that re‎-forged both domestic and international societies‎.‎ Neither existing international histories nor international relations texts sufficiently register the scale and impact of this ‎'‎global transformation‎'‎‎,‎ yet it is the consequences of these multiple revolutions that provide the material and ideational foundations of modern international relations‎.‎ Global modernity reconstituted the mode of power that underpinned international order and opened a power gap between those who harnessed the revolutions of modernity and those who were denied access to them‎.‎ This gap dominated international relations for two centuries and is only now being closed‎.‎ By taking the global transformation as the starting point for international relations