This book arose from a conference organized under the auspices of the Australian Research Council‎'‎s Complex Open Systems Research Network ‎(‎which has become the most prominent for complex systems in the world ‎- just Google ‎"‎complex systems network‎"‎‎)‎‎,‎ the ANU Centre for Complex Systems‎,‎ and the Asia‎-Pacific Center for Theoretical Physics‎.‎ The book is unique in the scope of its coverage of applications of complex systems science‎:‎ Extraterrestrial ‎- astrophysical‎,‎ solar and space plasmas‎;‎ Earth System ‎- climate‎,‎ ecosystems‎;‎ Human systems ‎- brain dynamics‎,‎ social networks‎,‎ financial statistics‎,‎ advanced technologies‎.‎It also presents up‎-to‎-date discussions of new theoretical approaches‎,‎ in particular those based on entropy and entropy production maximization‎,‎ a field still under development but with much promise for providing a much‎-needed unifying principle for complex systems science‎.‎The authors are at the forefront of their fields‎,‎ and organized their chapters to effectively bring out common features of complex‎.‎‎.‎‎.‎