This title provides a comprehensive‎,‎ unified tutorial covering the most recent advances in the emerging technology of free‎-space optics ‎(‎FSO‎)‎‎,‎ a field in which interest and attention continue to grow along with the number of new challenges‎.‎ This book is intended as an all‎-inclusive source to serve the needs of those who require information about the fundamentals of FSO‎,‎ as well as up‎-to‎-date advanced knowledge of the state‎-of‎-the‎-art in the technologies available today‎.‎ This text is intended for graduate students‎,‎ and will also be useful for research scientists and engineers with an interest in the field‎.‎ FSO communication is a practical solution for creating a three dimensional global broadband communications grid‎,‎ offering bandwidths far beyond what is possible in the Radio Frequency ‎(‎RF‎)‎ range‎.‎ However‎,‎ the attributes of atmospheric turbulence and scattering impose perennial limitations on availability and reliability of FSO links‎.‎ From a systems point‎-of‎-view‎,‎ this groundbreaking book provides a thorough understanding of‎.‎‎.‎‎.‎