The eleventh and twelfth centuries witnessed a thoroughgoing transformation of European culture‎,‎ as new ways of thinking revitalized every aspect of human endeavor‎,‎ from architecture and the visual arts to history‎,‎ philosophy‎,‎ theology‎,‎ and even law‎.‎ In this book Charles M‎.‎ Radding and William W‎.‎ Clark offer fresh perspectives on changes in architecture and learning at three moments in time‎.‎ Unlike previous studies‎,‎ including Erwin Panofsky‎'‎s classic essay Gothic Architecture and Scholasticism‎,‎ Radding and Clark‎'‎s book not only compares buildings and treatises but argues that the ways of thinking and the ways of solving problems were analogous‎.‎ The authors trace the professional contexts and creative activities of builders and masters from the creation of the Romanesque to the achievements of the Gothic and‎,‎ in the process‎,‎ establish new criteria for defining each‎.‎ During the eleventh and early twelfth centuries‎,‎ they argue‎,‎ both intellectual treatises and Romanesque architecture reveal a growing‎.‎‎.‎‎.‎