This title offers the latest methods for wastewater treatment using fixed‎-film processes‎.‎ This Water Environment Federation resource provides complete coverage of pure fixed‎-film and hybrid treatment systems‎,‎ along with details on their design‎,‎ performance‎,‎ and operational issues‎.‎ "Biofilm Reactors" discusses factors that affect the design of the various processes‎,‎ appropriate design criteria and procedures‎,‎ modeling techniques‎,‎ equipment requirements‎,‎ and construction methods‎.‎ Operational issues associated with each type of process are presented‎,‎ including potential problems and corrective actions‎.‎ Real‎-world case studies illustrate the application of the technologies presented in this authoritative volume‎.‎ Biofilm Reactors covers‎:‎ Biology of fixed‎-film processes‎;‎ trickling filter and combined trickling filter suspended‎-growth process design and operation‎;‎ rotating biological contactors‎;‎ moving‎-bed biofilm reactors‎;‎ hybrid processes‎;‎ biological filters‎;‎ new and emerging fixed‎-film technologies‎;‎ clarification‎;‎ effluent filtration‎;‎ and‎,‎ development and application of models for integrated fixed‎-film activated sludge‎,‎ moving‎-bed reactors‎,‎ biological aerated filters‎,‎ and trickling filters‎.‎